The Middle Ages and the Christianization of Europe
(Chapter 9 pgs. 262-287)
Gregory the Great (r. 590-604)
Hierarchy
Temporal & Spiritual Authority
Monasteries
Boniface and the Germanic Tribes
Centers of Learning
Scriptorium & Manuscripts
Frankish Kingdom
Clovis
Orthodox Christianity (versus Arianism)
Carolingian Kingdom
Charles Martel & the Battle of Tours
Charlemagne/Aachen
Coronation @ Rome/Holy Roman Emperor
Ninth-Century Invasions:
Vikings (Norsemen/Normans)
Muslims
Magyars
Feudalism
Warriors
Nobility/”Lords of the Manor”
Manors (Roman villas), Manorialism
Decentralization/Self Sufficiency/Isolation/Lack of Liquid Capital—Barter Services & Protection
Mounted (Mercenary) Knights
Personal loyalty at all levels of society/Chivalry
Workers
Serfs & “unfree” labor
Craftsmen
Worshippers
First Crusade
Urban II
Antioch and the “Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem”
Fourth Crusade
Venetians & Constantinople
Consequences of the Crusades:
Weakened Byzantium
New trade routes (Money)
Medieval towns
Cathedrals
Symbols of power and piety plus Economic engines—Pilgrims and holy relics
Romanesque vs. Gothic Architecture
Romanesque: Barrel Vaults, Rounded Arches, Thick Walls
Gothic: Ribbed Vaults, Pointed Arches, Flying Buttresses, Stained Glass.
St. Denis, Notre Dame de Paris, Chartres
